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relatively prime numbers

  • 1 relatively prime numbers

    Англо-русский словарь промышленной и научной лексики > relatively prime numbers

  • 2 узаемна простыя лікі

    relatively prime numbers

    Беларуска-ангельскі слоўнік матэматычных тэрмінаў і тэрміналагічных словазлучэнняў > узаемна простыя лікі

  • 3 números primos entre sí

    • relatively prime numbers

    Diccionario Técnico Español-Inglés > números primos entre sí

  • 4 число

    count, figure, number, numeral
    * * *
    число́ с.
    1. (совокупность предметов и т. п.) count, number
    вводи́ть число́ (в счё́тную маши́ну) — key [enter] a number into (a calculator)
    изобража́ть число́ — represent a number
    обознача́ть число́ — express a number
    число́ о́бщее — total of …
    округли́ть число́ — round off a number
    представля́ть число́ в дополни́тельном ко́де вчт. — cast a number in true complement form
    представля́ть число́ в обра́тном ко́де вчт. — cast a number in base [radix] minus ones complement form
    представля́ть число́ в прямо́м ко́де вчт. — cast a number in sign-and-magnitude [in sign-and-absolute value] form
    представля́ть двои́чное число́ в дополни́тельном ко́де вчт. — cast a binary number in 2's complement form
    представля́ть двои́чное число́ в обра́тном ко́де вчт. — cast a binary number in 1's complement form
    представля́ть десяти́чное число́ в дополни́тельном ко́де вчт. — cast a decimal number in 10's complement form
    представля́ть десяти́чное число́ в обра́тном ко́де вчт. — cast a decimal number in 9's complement form
    сбра́сывать чи́сла (на счё́тной маши́не) — clear the calculator
    составля́ть ( такое-то) [m2]число́ — be in (such and such number)
    число́ кана́лов (составля́ет) четы́ре — the channels are four in number
    усека́ть число́ — truncate a number
    3. ( в таблицах) ( не путать c №№ n/n) No. of …
    4. ( количество) quantity
    проверя́ть число́, напр. болто́в — check, e. g., the bolts for correct count
    число́ А́ббе — Abbe number
    число́ Авога́дро — Avogadro number
    арифмети́ческое число́ — arithmetic number, absolute number
    а́томное число́ — atomic number
    ацето́новое число́ — acetone number
    число́ без зна́ка вчт. — unsigned number
    безразме́рное число́ — dimensionless [nondimensional, pure] number
    число́ Берну́лли — Bernoulli number
    число́ Ве́бера — Weber number
    веще́ственное число́ — real number
    взаи́мно-просты́е чи́сла — coprime numbers, relatively prime numbers
    водоро́дное число́ — hydrogen number
    водяно́е число́ ( калориметра) — water equivalent
    волново́е число́ — wave number
    гидрокси́льное число́ — hydroxyl number
    число́ Грасго́фа — Grashoff number
    число́ Гре́ца — Graetz number
    двои́чно-десяти́чное число́ — binary coded decimal [BCD] number
    двои́чное число́ — binary number
    двои́чно-пятери́чное число́ — biquinary number
    число́ двойны́х ходо́в в мину́ту — strokes per minute, s.p.m.
    десяти́чное число́ — decimal (number)
    десяти́чное, двои́чно-коди́рованное число́ — binary coded decimal [BCD] number
    докрити́ческое число́ мех. — subcritical number
    дро́бное число́ — fraction, fractional [broken] number
    закрити́ческое число́ мех. — beyond-critical [supercritical] number

    n
    -зна́чное число́ — n -digit number
    золото́е число́ — the golden number
    изотопи́ческое число́ — isotopic number
    имено́ванное число́ — denominate(d) number
    иррациона́льное число́ — irrational (number), surd (number)
    ио́дное число́ — iodine number, iodine value
    число́ кавита́ции — cavitation number
    кардина́льное число́ — cardinality, cardinal number
    число́ Карма́на — Karman number
    ква́нтовое число́ — quantum number
    ква́нтовое, азимута́льное число́ — azimuthal quantum number
    ква́нтовое, вну́треннее число́ — inner quantum number
    ква́нтовое, гла́вное число́ — first [principal] quantum number
    ква́нтовое, магни́тное число́ — magnetic quantum number
    ква́нтовое, спи́новое число́ — spin quantum number
    кислоро́дное число́ — oxygen number
    кисло́тное число́ — acid number
    ко́мплексное число́ — complex number
    координацио́нное число́ — coordination number
    кра́тное число́ — multiple
    кру́глое число́ — round number
    число́ Ло́кка — Lock number
    число́ Лошми́дта — Loschmidt number
    число́ Лью́иса — Lewis number
    число́ М — Mach (number), M number
    с число́м М — triplesonic
    ма́ссовое число́ яд. физ. — mass [nucleon] number
    число́ Ма́ха — Mach (number), M number
    число́ Ма́ха, гиперзвуково́е — hypersonic M number
    число́ Ма́ха, дозвуково́е — subsonic M number
    число́ Ма́ха, околозвуково́е — transonic M number
    число́ Ма́ха, сверхзвуково́е — supersonic [over-one] M number
    число́ мест (в транспортном средстве, зрительном зале и т. п.) — seating capacity
    мни́мое число́ — imaginary (number)
    многозна́чное число́ — multidigit [multiplace] number
    натура́льное число́ — natural number
    число́ нейтрализа́ции — neutralization number
    число́ нейтро́нов ( в ядре) — neutron number
    ненормализо́ванное число́ — nonnormalized number
    неотрица́тельное число́ — nonnegative number
    нечё́тное число́ — odd number
    нормализо́ванное число́ — standard [normalized] number, a number in normal form
    число́ Ну́ссельта — Nusselt number
    число́ оборо́тов — rotational speed
    число́ оборо́тов в мину́ту — revolutions per minute, r.p.m.
    число́ оборо́тов дви́гателя — engine speed
    число́ оборо́тов дви́гателя на холосто́м ходу́ — idling speed
    число́ оборо́тов, уде́льное — specific speed
    число́ обраще́ний, допусти́мое ( в электростатических запоминающих трубках) — selection ratio
    число́ обраще́нии ме́жду регенера́циями ( в электростатическом запоминающем устройстве) — read-around number, read-around ratio
    число́ окисле́ния — oxidation number
    окта́новое число́ — octane number, octane value, octane rating
    число́ омыле́ния — saponification number, saponification value
    ордина́льное число́ — ordinal (number)
    отвлечё́нное число́ — dimensionless [nondimensional, pure] number
    относи́тельные чи́сла — directed [signed, algebraic] numbers
    отрица́тельное число́ — negative number
    число́ Пекле́ — Peclet number
    переводно́е число́ ( в физической химии) — transference number
    переда́точное число́
    1. мех. gear ratio
    переда́точное число́ ме́жду зубча́тыми колё́сами А и Б равно́ 60: [m2]1 — gears A and B are geared by 60 to 1
    переда́точное число́ от А к Б составля́ет 1:n ( в сервомеханизмах) — A is geared 1: n to B
    2. эл. gain
    переда́точное число́ два к одному́ — two-to-one ratio, two-to-one gear
    число́ переда́ч — number of gears
    пе́рекисное число́ — peroxide number
    число́ перено́са
    1. ( в физической химии) transport number
    2. мат. carry quantity
    пермангана́тное число́ ( целлюлозы) — permanganate number
    пифаго́ровы чи́сла — Pythagorean numbers, Pythagorean triples
    подкоренно́е число́ — radicand
    поря́дковое число́ — ordinal; ordinal [serial] number
    число́ Пра́ндтля — Prandtl number
    число́ проду́ба кож. — tanning number
    просто́е число́ — prime number
    равнооста́точные чи́сла — congruent numbers
    число́ разря́дов в реги́стре — register length
    рациона́льное число́ — rational (number)
    число́ Рейно́льдса — Reynolds number
    число́ Рейно́льдса, крити́ческое — transition Reynolds number
    число́ Ре́йхерта—Ме́йссля — Reichert-Meissl number
    рода́новое число́ — thiocyanogen number, thiocyanogen value
    случа́йные чи́сла — random numbers
    выраба́тывать случа́йные чи́сла вчт. — generate random numbers
    составно́е число́ — composite number
    спиртово́е число́ — alcohol number
    число́ с пла́вающей запято́й — floating-point number
    число́ Строуха́ла — Strouhal number
    число́ Стэ́нтона — Stanton number
    число́ с фикси́рованной запято́й — fixed-point number
    число́ твё́рдости — hardness number
    число́ твё́рдости по Брине́ллю — Brinell (hardness) number
    число́ твё́рдости по Ви́ккерсу — Vickers (hardness) number
    число́ твё́рдости по Моо́су — Moos (hardness) number
    число́ твё́рдости по Ро́квеллу — Rockwell (hardness) number
    число́ теорети́ческих таре́лок — theoretical plate number
    число́ Фараде́я — Faraday constant, faraday
    фигу́рные чи́сла — figurate numbers
    фле́гмовое число́ хим. — reflux ratio
    число́ Фру́да — Froude number
    це́лое число́ — integer, integral [whole] number
    це́лое, ко́мплексное число́ — complex [Gaussian] integer
    цета́новое число́ — cetane number
    чё́тное число́ — even number
    чи́сто мни́мое число́ — pure imaginary (number)
    число́ Ше́рвуда — Sherwood number
    число́ Шми́дта — Schmidt number
    число́ Э́йлера — Euler number
    эфи́рное число́ — ester number, ester value

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > число

  • 5 взаимно простые числа

    1) Engineering: coprime numbers, reciprocals

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > взаимно простые числа

  • 6 взаимно простые числа

    coprime numbers, relatively prime numbers

    Русско-английский математический словарь > взаимно простые числа

  • 7 попарно взаимно простые числа

    Information technology: pairwise relatively prime numbers

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > попарно взаимно простые числа

  • 8 взаимно простой

    Русско-английский научный словарь > взаимно простой

  • 9 взаимно простой

    Русско-английский новый политехнический словарь > взаимно простой

  • 10 взаимно простой

    Русско-английский словарь по информационным технологиям > взаимно простой

  • 11 простой

    1. prime
    2. primely

    Русско-английский научный словарь > простой

  • 12 взаимно простые числа

    coprimes матем., coprime numbers, relatively prime integers, relative primes

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь Масловского > взаимно простые числа

  • 13 simple

    adj.
    2 simple (sencillo, tonto).
    3 simple, easy.
    es muy simple, metes la moneda y ya está it's quite simple, all you have to do is insert the coin
    4 mere (mero).
    por simple estupidez through sheer stupidity
    nos basta con su simple palabra his word is enough for us by itself
    no le pedí más que un simple favor all I asked him for was a favor
    5 prime (Mat).
    f. & m.
    simpleton (person).
    * * *
    1 (gen) simple
    2 (único) single, just one
    3 (mero) mere
    4 (persona) simple, simple-minded
    1 simpleton
    1 (tenis) singles plural
    \
    por simple descuido through sheer carelessness
    * * *
    adj.
    1) mere
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=sin adornos) [peinado, objeto] simple; [vestido, decoración] plain
    2) [método] simple, easy, straightforward
    3) [antes de sustantivo] (=mero) mere
    4) [antes de sustantivo] (=corriente) ordinary

    es un simple abogado — he's only o just a solicitor

    5) [persona] (=sin complicaciones) simple; (=crédulo) gullible; pey (=de pocas luces) simple-minded
    6) (Ling, Quím) simple
    7) (Bot) single
    2.
    SMF (=persona) simpleton
    3.
    SMPL pl simples (Tenis) singles; (Bot) simples
    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) (sencillo, fácil) <sistema/procedimiento> simple
    b) (Quím) < sustancia> simple
    c) (Ling) < tiempo> simple
    2) (delante del n) ( mero) simple
    3) ( tonto) simple, simple-minded
    II
    masculino y femenino simpleton
    * * *
    = mere, non-intellectual, pure [pure -comp., purest -sup.], sheer [sheerer -comp., sheerest -sup.], simple [simpler -comp., simplest -sup.], single, straight [straighter -comp., straightest -sup.], straightforward, unadorned, low-key [low key], schematic, simple-minded, uncluttered, unsophisticated, naked, unfussy, uncomplicated, uncomplicatedly, low-keyed, hassle-free, no-brainer.
    Ex. Contextual logic or proximity operators: these are a useful means of searching for more than the mere occurrence of a term; they also permit the searcher to specify the context in which the term should appear in some sense or other.
    Ex. The picture of the self-improvement-oriented readers contrasts sharply with the typical adult user who asks quite non-intellectual questions at the reference desk.
    Ex. The notation used in DC is pure, and numbers.
    Ex. The sheer bulk of the headings and the complexity of references structures is sufficient to confirm that a more systematic approach might prove fruitful.
    Ex. Some simple measures of index effectiveness are introduced here so that it is possible to consider different indexing methods critically.
    Ex. Equally important was the desire to achieve a single text.
    Ex. Thus these indexes contain more entries than a straight KWIC index and are inclined to be relatively bulky.
    Ex. Even in this apparently straightforward situation, complications can arise.
    Ex. Concrete illustrations are always better than unadorned abstract description.
    Ex. Activity is still low key, but will increase when the British Library puts up data bases on its own computer in 1977.
    Ex. None of this is ever as schematic and neatly arranged, step-by-step, as my discussion of it here makes it seem = Nunca nada de esto es tan simple, bien ordenado y secuencial como lo hago parecer.
    Ex. Granted the seemingly simple-minded examples that have been used, such as changing NEGROES to AFRO-AMERICANS and BLACKS, appear fairly straightforward.
    Ex. Google, the search engine, became popular because of its efficiency, simple structure uncluttered by advertising and its non-commercial look and feel.
    Ex. Here is a clear indication of the extent, during the eighteenth century, to which the unsophisticated reader lagged behind his middle class compatriots = Aquí tenemos una clara indicación del grado en el que, durante el siglo dieciocho, el lector normal iba por detrás de sus compatriotas de clase media.
    Ex. Everything in this book is set down without reference to context, or author's intention, or the naked facts and figures, or the difference between one kind of writing and reading and another.
    Ex. Above all the journal wishes to provide research and comment in a form that is easily and quickly understood: a fresh, rigorous, but unfussy, writing style is what is aimed for.
    Ex. It is an example of an uncomplicated but practical and successful artificial intelligence application.
    Ex. Children which lack reading experience should be presented with a sequence of shorter, very directly told, and uncomplicatedly structured books, rather than with denser and more subtle texts.
    Ex. Overall, he provides a low-keyed, lucid account that, with its many-leveled approach, does more than justice to the complex themes it studies.
    Ex. Cooking dry beans in the crockpot makes them relatively hassle-free.
    Ex. Recycling is a no-brainer since it conserves our natural resources and reduces air pollution.
    ----
    * a simple vista = by the naked eye, superficially, on first thought.
    * búsqueda simple = simple search.
    * de una forma simple = in a simple manner.
    * de una manera simple = in a simple manner.
    * hacerle la vida más simple a todos = simplify + life for everyone.
    * interés simple = simple interest.
    * las cosas no son tan simples como parecen = there's more to it than meets the eye.
    * por simple curiosidad = (just) as a mater of interest, just out of interest.
    * simple ciudadano, el = man-on-the-street, man in the street, the.
    * simple mortal = lesser mortal.
    * simple y llanamente = just plain, plainly and simply.
    * tan simple como = with as little ado as.
    * unidad simple = singleton.
    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) (sencillo, fácil) <sistema/procedimiento> simple
    b) (Quím) < sustancia> simple
    c) (Ling) < tiempo> simple
    2) (delante del n) ( mero) simple
    3) ( tonto) simple, simple-minded
    II
    masculino y femenino simpleton
    * * *
    = mere, non-intellectual, pure [pure -comp., purest -sup.], sheer [sheerer -comp., sheerest -sup.], simple [simpler -comp., simplest -sup.], single, straight [straighter -comp., straightest -sup.], straightforward, unadorned, low-key [low key], schematic, simple-minded, uncluttered, unsophisticated, naked, unfussy, uncomplicated, uncomplicatedly, low-keyed, hassle-free, no-brainer.

    Ex: Contextual logic or proximity operators: these are a useful means of searching for more than the mere occurrence of a term; they also permit the searcher to specify the context in which the term should appear in some sense or other.

    Ex: The picture of the self-improvement-oriented readers contrasts sharply with the typical adult user who asks quite non-intellectual questions at the reference desk.
    Ex: The notation used in DC is pure, and numbers.
    Ex: The sheer bulk of the headings and the complexity of references structures is sufficient to confirm that a more systematic approach might prove fruitful.
    Ex: Some simple measures of index effectiveness are introduced here so that it is possible to consider different indexing methods critically.
    Ex: Equally important was the desire to achieve a single text.
    Ex: Thus these indexes contain more entries than a straight KWIC index and are inclined to be relatively bulky.
    Ex: Even in this apparently straightforward situation, complications can arise.
    Ex: Concrete illustrations are always better than unadorned abstract description.
    Ex: Activity is still low key, but will increase when the British Library puts up data bases on its own computer in 1977.
    Ex: None of this is ever as schematic and neatly arranged, step-by-step, as my discussion of it here makes it seem = Nunca nada de esto es tan simple, bien ordenado y secuencial como lo hago parecer.
    Ex: Granted the seemingly simple-minded examples that have been used, such as changing NEGROES to AFRO-AMERICANS and BLACKS, appear fairly straightforward.
    Ex: Google, the search engine, became popular because of its efficiency, simple structure uncluttered by advertising and its non-commercial look and feel.
    Ex: Here is a clear indication of the extent, during the eighteenth century, to which the unsophisticated reader lagged behind his middle class compatriots = Aquí tenemos una clara indicación del grado en el que, durante el siglo dieciocho, el lector normal iba por detrás de sus compatriotas de clase media.
    Ex: Everything in this book is set down without reference to context, or author's intention, or the naked facts and figures, or the difference between one kind of writing and reading and another.
    Ex: Above all the journal wishes to provide research and comment in a form that is easily and quickly understood: a fresh, rigorous, but unfussy, writing style is what is aimed for.
    Ex: It is an example of an uncomplicated but practical and successful artificial intelligence application.
    Ex: Children which lack reading experience should be presented with a sequence of shorter, very directly told, and uncomplicatedly structured books, rather than with denser and more subtle texts.
    Ex: Overall, he provides a low-keyed, lucid account that, with its many-leveled approach, does more than justice to the complex themes it studies.
    Ex: Cooking dry beans in the crockpot makes them relatively hassle-free.
    Ex: Recycling is a no-brainer since it conserves our natural resources and reduces air pollution.
    * a simple vista = by the naked eye, superficially, on first thought.
    * búsqueda simple = simple search.
    * de una forma simple = in a simple manner.
    * de una manera simple = in a simple manner.
    * hacerle la vida más simple a todos = simplify + life for everyone.
    * interés simple = simple interest.
    * las cosas no son tan simples como parecen = there's more to it than meets the eye.
    * por simple curiosidad = (just) as a mater of interest, just out of interest.
    * simple ciudadano, el = man-on-the-street, man in the street, the.
    * simple mortal = lesser mortal.
    * simple y llanamente = just plain, plainly and simply.
    * tan simple como = with as little ado as.
    * unidad simple = singleton.

    * * *
    A
    1 (sencillo, fácil) ‹sistema/procedimiento› simple
    el mecanismo no puede ser más simple the mechanism couldn't be (any) simpler o more straightforward
    la solución es muy simple the solution is very simple
    es una dieta simple pero completa it's a simple but complete diet
    2 ( Quím) ‹sustancia› simple
    3 ( Ling) ‹tiempo› simple
    B ( delante del n) (mero) simple
    un simple error puede causar un accidente a simple mistake can cause an accident
    no es más que un simple resfriado it's just a common cold
    era un simple soldado he was an ordinary soldier
    vista2 (↑ vista (2))
    C (tonto, bobo) simple, simple-minded
    es muy simple, pero buena persona he's rather simple o simple-minded, but he's a nice person
    no seas simple ¿no ves que así no haces nada? don't be silly o ( BrE colloq) daft, can't you see you won't get anywhere like that?
    simpleton
    * * *

     

    simple adjetivo
    1 (sencillo, fácil) simple;
    See also→ llanamente
    2 ( delante del n) ( mero) simple;
    ◊ el simple hecho de … the simple fact of …;

    es un simple resfriado it's just a common cold;
    un simple soldado an ordinary soldier
    3 ( tonto) simple, simple-minded
    ■ sustantivo masculino y femenino
    simpleton
    simple
    I adjetivo
    1 (sencillo) simple: estos ejercicios son muy simples, these exercises are very easy
    una cámara de simple manejo, an easy-to-use camera
    2 Ling Quím (no complejo, no compuesto) simple
    oración simple, simple sentence
    3 (mero, tan solo) mere, pure: somos simples espectadores, we are mere observers
    fue simple casualidad, it was pure coincidence
    pey es un simple secretario, he's just a secretary
    4 (cándido, sin malicia) naive, innocent
    pey (tonto) simple-minded, half-witted, foolish
    II m (ingenuo, inocente) innocent, naive person
    pey (simplón, tonto) simpleton, half-wit
    ' simple' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    babosa
    - baboso
    - bendita
    - bendito
    - boba
    - bobalicón
    - bobalicona
    - bobo
    - borrica
    - borrico
    - clavar
    - compuesta
    - compuesto
    - hincapié
    - idea
    - lila
    - llaneza
    - mayoría
    - pánfila
    - pánfilo
    - pardilla
    - pardillo
    - preferir
    - sencilla
    - sencillo
    - simpleza
    - triste
    - vista
    - hechura
    - llanamente
    - mero
    - pretérito
    - puro
    - ya
    English:
    ago
    - arithmetic
    - dowdy
    - gravestone
    - mere
    - naked
    - plain
    - simple
    - simple interest
    - simple-minded
    - simple-mindedness
    - single-spacing
    - basic
    - simply
    - unsophisticated
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [sencillo, tonto] simple
    2. [fácil] easy, simple;
    es muy simple, metes la moneda y ya está it's quite simple, all you have to do is insert the coin
    3. [sin complicación] simple;
    una decoración simple a simple decoration
    4. [único, sin componentes] single;
    dame una simple razón give me one single reason
    5. [mero]
    es un simple trabajador he's a simple o an ordinary worker;
    no le pedí más que un simple favor I merely asked her a favour;
    nos basta con su simple palabra his word is enough for us by itself;
    por simple estupidez through sheer stupidity
    6. Mat prime
    7. Quím simple
    8. Ling [verbo] simple
    ♦ nmf
    [persona] simpleton
    * * *
    I adj
    1 ( fácil) simple
    2 ( mero) ordinary
    II m/f simpleton
    * * *
    simple adj
    1) sencillo: plain, simple, easy
    2) : pure, mere
    por simple vanidad: out of pure vanity
    3) : simpleminded, foolish
    : fool, simpleton
    * * *
    simple adj
    1. (sencillo) simple
    2. (solamente) just

    Spanish-English dictionary > simple

  • 14 Coimbra, University of

       Portugal's oldest and once its most prestigious university. As one of Europe's oldest seats of learning, the University of Coimbra and its various roles have a historic importance that supersedes merely the educational. For centuries, the university formed and trained the principal elites and professions that dominated Portugal. For more than a century, certain members of its faculty entered the central government in Lisbon. A few, such as law professor Afonso Costa, mathematics instructor Sidônio Pais, anthropology professor Bernardino Machado, and economics professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar, became prime ministers and presidents of the republic. In such a small country, with relatively few universities until recently, Portugal counted Coimbra's university as the educational cradle of its leaders and knew its academic traditions as an intimate part of national life.
       Established in 1290 by King Dinis, the university first opened in Lisbon but was moved to Coimbra in 1308, and there it remained. University buildings were placed high on a hill, in a position that
       physically dominates Portugal's third city. While sections of the medieval university buildings are present, much of what today remains of the old University of Coimbra dates from the Manueline era (1495-1521) and the 17th and 18th centuries. The main administration building along the so-called Via Latina is baroque, in the style of the 17th and 18th centuries. Most prominent among buildings adjacent to the central core structures are the Chapel of São Miguel, built in the 17th century, and the magnificent University Library, of the era of wealthy King João V, built between 1717 and 1723. Created entirely by Portuguese artists and architects, the library is unique among historic monuments in Portugal. Its rare book collection, a monument in itself, is complemented by exquisite gilt wood decorations and beautiful doors, windows, and furniture. Among visitors and tourists, the chapel and library are the prime attractions to this day.
       The University underwent important reforms under the Pombaline administration (1750-77). Efforts to strengthen Coimbra's position in advanced learning and teaching by means of a new curriculum, including new courses in new fields and new degrees and colleges (in Portugal, major university divisions are usually called "faculties") often met strong resistance. In the Age of the Discoveries, efforts were made to introduce the useful study of mathematics, which was part of astronomy in that day, and to move beyond traditional medieval study only of theology, canon law, civil law, and medicine. Regarding even the advanced work of the Portuguese astronomer and mathematician Pedro Nunes, however, Coimbra University was lamentably slow in introducing mathematics or a school of arts and general studies. After some earlier efforts, the 1772 Pombaline Statutes, the core of the Pombaline reforms at Coimbra, had an impact that lasted more than a century. These reforms remained in effect to the end of the monarchy, when, in 1911, the First Republic instituted changes that stressed the secularization of learning. This included the abolition of the Faculty of Theology.
       Elaborate, ancient traditions and customs inform the faculty and student body of Coimbra University. Tradition flourishes, although some customs are more popular than others. Instead of residing in common residences or dormitories as in other countries, in Coimbra until recently students lived in the city in "Republics," private houses with domestic help hired by the students. Students wore typical black academic gowns. Efforts during the Revolution of 25 April 1974 and aftermath to abolish the wearing of the gowns, a powerful student image symbol, met resistance and generated controversy. In romantic Coimbra tradition, students with guitars sang characteristic songs, including Coimbra fado, a more cheerful song than Lisbon fado, and serenaded other students at special locations. Tradition also decreed that at graduation graduates wore their gowns but burned their school (or college or subject) ribbons ( fitas), an important ceremonial rite of passage.
       The University of Coimbra, while it underwent a revival in the 1980s and 1990s, no longer has a virtual monopoly over higher education in Portugal. By 1970, for example, the country had only four public and one private university, and the University of Lisbon had become more significant than ancient Coimbra. At present, diversity in higher education is even more pronounced: 12 private universities and 14 autonomous public universities are listed, not only in Lisbon and Oporto, but at provincial locations. Still, Coimbra retains an influence as the senior university, some of whose graduates still enter national government and distinguished themselves in various professions.
       An important student concern at all institutions of higher learning, and one that marked the last half of the 1990s and continued into the next century, was the question of increased student fees and tuition payments (in Portuguese, propinas). Due to the expansion of the national universities in function as well as in the size of student bodies, national budget constraints, and the rising cost of education, the central government began to increase student fees. The student movement protested this change by means of various tactics, including student strikes, boycotts, and demonstrations. At the same time, a growing number of private universities began to attract larger numbers of students who could afford the higher fees in private institutions, but who had been denied places in the increasingly competitive and pressured public universities.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Coimbra, University of

См. также в других словарях:

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